A Review on Security Threats and Vulnerabilities in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
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Abstract
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs)
are transforming modern transportation by integrating
advanced sensing, communication, and intelligent control
technologies. However, the increasing connectivity of these
vehicles also expands their exposure to cyber threats,
raising significant concerns regarding safety, privacy, and
system reliability. This paper provides a comprehensive
review of the security threats, vulnerabilities, and defense
mechanisms associated with CAV ecosystems. It examines
passive and active attacks targeting perception systems,
communication protocols, control layers, and cloud-based
infrastructures, emphasizing how compromised
components can endanger vehicle operation and passenger
safety. A detailed analysis of key vulnerability parameters—
including software flaws, sensor manipulation, protocol
weaknesses, supply chain issues, and regulatory gaps—
highlights the multidimensional nature of CAV
cybersecurity risks.
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